Cigarette smoking
cigarettes / day
Combusted tobacco, usually cigarettes. This page counts the habit, not a death certificate and not a lifestyle score.
People inhale nicotine and the rest of the smoke. Cho read urine cotinine for the last day and NNAL for the last weeks, so the count is not only a questionnaire. Eliasson split men who quit from men who kept smoking, then used a clamp. Nicotine gum and vaping are other products. Secondhand smoke was a covariate in Cho, not this habit.
Also called tobacco smoking, current smoking, cigarette use.
Connected relationships
Observational · Low
Cigarette smoking→Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
Higher Cigarette smoking increases Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
In Cho 2022, 4,043 Korean adults without diabetes who met both urine NNAL and cotinine smoker cutoffs had higher triglyceride-glucose odds than people who met neither (men 1.74, women 2.01 after age, BMI, drink, walk, income, and pack-years); Eliasson 1997's 17 quitters, against 23 who kept smoking, improved clamp insulin sensitivity in eight weeks despite modest weight gain.