Table 1

The matrix

While other resources grade individual supplements or habits, this atlas grades the relationships between them. You can filter the table below, and the URL will update so you can easily share your exact view.

ScopeAll

Layer

Biology & endocrinology Psychology & behavior Socioeconomic status Lifestyle & environment

Stamp

Robust causal Genetic causal Feedback loop Spurious / confounded

From	Stamp	Sign	To	Design	N papers
25(OH)D	SMOKE	0 NULL	Income	Observational	2
Aerobic	SMOKE	− DECREASES	Mortality	Observational	7
Air pollution	SMOKE	− DECREASES	Cognition	Observational	2
Air pollution	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	Mortality	Observational	3
Lead	SMOKE	− DECREASES	Cognition	Observational	6
Breastfeeding	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	Cognition	Observational	3
Caffeine	SMOKE	~ NON-LINEAR	Mortality	Meta-analysis	4
Smoking	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	HOMA-IR	Observational	2
DHEA-S	SMOKE	0 NULL	Status	Randomized trial	1
Income	SMOKE	0 NULL	Hypergamy	Observational	2
Income	SMOKE	? CONDITIONAL	Risk	Observational	1
Income	SMOKE	0 NULL	Youth pref.	Observational	2
E2	SMOKE	? CONDITIONAL	Dominance	Meta-analysis	2
Power pose	SMOKE	0 NULL	Risk	Randomized trial	3
Power pose	SMOKE	0 NULL	T	Randomized trial	4
Power	SMOKE	0 NULL	Youth pref.	Observational	2
Job strain	SMOKE	? CONDITIONAL	Cortisol	Observational	4
Job strain	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	Depression	Meta-analysis	4
Loneliness	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	Depression	Observational	1
Loneliness	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	Mortality	Meta-analysis	4
Wealth	SMOKE	0 NULL	Hypergamy	Observational	2
Traffic noise	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	CV events	Meta-analysis	3
Traffic noise	SMOKE	− DECREASES	Sleep	Meta-analysis	5
Omega-3	SMOKE	0 NULL	Employment	Observational	1
OT	SMOKE	0 NULL	Trust	Randomized trial	5
Prenatal famine	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	HOMA-IR	Observational	2
Screens	SMOKE	? CONDITIONAL	Cognition	Observational	2
Sleep	SMOKE	~ NON-LINEAR	Mortality	Meta-analysis	7
SOI-R	SMOKE	0 NULL	Hypergamy	Observational	2
T/C	SMOKE	0 NULL	Status	Observational	2
Vitamins	SMOKE	0 NULL	Employment	Observational	2
Widowhood	SMOKE	+ INCREASES	Mortality	Observational	2

32 edges in this cut

Cite this page

What Causes What. “Effect matrix.” https://whatcauseswhat.org/matrix?relation=spurious (atlas updated 2026-09-02).

https://whatcauseswhat.org/matrix?relation=spurious

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