Figure 1

The atlas

Click a mark to open the variable: its edges, the sign of each arrow, and the papers. Drag a mark to move it. Click a curve to open the edge. Hover for a short card. The "Strata" layout groups nodes by layer. The URL is the view.

81 edges in this cut — click a mark, a curve, or a row

1. MECHANISM0 NULLAerobic → HOMA-IRIn 48 Glasgow adults, a 12-week pedometer program that added about 3,000 steps a day on five days a week did not change fasting insulin or glucose against a no-change walking control.
2. MECHANISM− DECREASESAlcohol → SleepEvening alcohol, 1.0 grams per kilogram in men and 0.85 in women, cut total sleep time from 436.6 to 421.3 minutes and sleep efficiency from 91.2 to 88.0 percent in thirty-one social drinkers on a randomized crossover with overnight PSG.
3. MECHANISM~ NON-LINEARAlcohol → THeavy chronic drinking suppresses male testosterone. A 0.5 g/kg drink raised plasma T in thirteen men. Three weeks of 40 grams a day lowered it 6.8 percent in ten men on a controlled diet. A glass of wine is not a T protocol in reverse.
4. MECHANISM− DECREASESAshwagandha → CortisolChoudhary 2017 found that 300 mg of ashwagandha root extract twice a day for eight weeks lowered morning serum cortisol versus placebo in 52 overweight adults under chronic stress (13.41 versus 15.44 μg per deciliter at week 8, P=0.0132). Cortisol was a secondary endpoint in a weight-and-craving trial.
5. MECHANISM+ INCREASESAshwagandha → SleepDeshpande 2021 found that 120 mg a day of a standardized ashwagandha extract for six weeks raised self-reported restorative sleep by 72 percent versus 29 percent on placebo among 150 adults with non-restorative sleep, and actigraphy moved efficiency, total sleep, latency, and wake after sleep onset. Langade 2021 found a similar direction in 80 people, stronger in the insomnia arm.
6. MECHANISM+ INCREASESAshwagandha → TSmith 2023 found that 200 mg of Witholytin ashwagandha root extract twice a day for twelve weeks raised free testosterone and luteinizing hormone versus placebo in the men of a trial of overweight adults aged 40 to 75 (P=0.048 and 0.002). The primary stress score did not beat placebo.
7. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALBacopa → CognitionCalabrese 2009 found that 300 mg of standardized Bacopa monnieri a day for twelve weeks improved delayed word recall on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test versus placebo in 48 healthy adults aged 65 or older. Lopresti 2025 saw no between-group change on primary learning, attention, or working memory in 87 completers aged 40 to 70.
8. MECHANISM− DECREASESBerberine → HOMA-IRPerez-Rubio 2014 found that 500 mg of berberine three times a day for three months raised the Matsuda insulin-sensitivity index from 2.1 to 3.1 versus placebo in 24 people with metabolic syndrome. Zhang 2008 lowered glucose versus placebo in 116 people with type 2 diabetes; the clamp contrast missed.
9. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALCaffeine → SleepIn twenty young men, Weibel 2021 found that 450 mg of daytime caffeine a day left nighttime sleep length and stages unchanged, but delayed REM and made waking harder when sleep was pushed into the morning.
10. MECHANISM+ INCREASESChamomile → SleepChang 2016 found that two weeks of chamomile tea lowered a physical-symptoms sleep-inefficiency score versus usual care in 80 Taiwanese postnatal women with poor sleep (P=0.015). The difference was gone two weeks after the tea stopped. There was no placebo drink.
11. MECHANISM− DECREASESChromium → HOMA-IRJamilian 2016 found that 200 micrograms of chromium picolinate a day for eight weeks moved HOMA-IR by -0.8 versus +0.9 on placebo in 64 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (P<0.001). Kim 2012 saw a similar direction in 25 overweight children. Jain 2013's picolinate arm did not.
12. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALCortisol → LeadershipHigh cortisol is the condition under which 'high T = leader' fails. The internet quote drops this term.
13. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALCreatine → CognitionMcMorris 2008 found that 20 g a day of creatine for one week, after a placebo week, improved random-number, recall, and long-term memory tasks versus continued placebo in 32 older adults, except backward number recall. Toniolo 2018 then found that 6 g a day as an adjunct in 18 people with bipolar depression moved only verbal fluency.
14. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALCreatine → DepressionToniolo 2019 found that 6 g a day of creatine monohydrate as an add-on for six weeks did not beat placebo on the change in Montgomery-Åsberg score among 35 people already treated for a bipolar depressive episode (P=0.560), while a secondary remission cut (score of 12 or less) favored creatine (52.9 percent versus 11.1 percent).
15. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALCreatine → StrengthAssigned creatine raised predicted one-rep strength more than lifting alone in 45 older adults (Amiri 2023) and raised fat-free mass in a five-day load (Mihic 2000), but a two-year postmenopausal trial found no extra one-rep max (Chilibeck 2023).
16. MECHANISM− DECREASESCurcumin → DepressionLopresti 2015 found that 500 mg of curcumin twice a day versus placebo did not separate on the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology in the first four weeks among 56 adults with major depression, then showed a group-by-time interaction from week 4 to week 8 (P=0.045). The authors call that partial support.
17. MECHANISM0 NULLDHEA-S → CognitionA year of 50 mg DHEA did not move six cognitive tests against placebo in 225 healthy adults aged 55 to 85. A Cochrane review of earlier RCTs and a 13-week crossover in 46 older men also found no cognitive benefit.
18. MECHANISM+ INCREASESDominance → StatusDominance is a means. Status is the end. Folklore treats them as synonyms.
19. MECHANISM+ INCREASESEducation → HomogamyEducation sorts the rooms where people meet. Homogamy is mostly a market-design fact.
20. MECHANISM− DECREASESAerobic → DepressionPrescribed walking or jogging reduced depression scores in randomized trials of people with major depression. The programs looked similar to sertraline. Against a placebo pill, SMILE II's HAM-D gap did not reach significance. A year later, assigned arm no longer predicted mood.
21. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALFenugreek → TRao 2017 found that 600 mg of Testofen fenugreek seed extract a day for twelve weeks raised total and free testosterone versus placebo in 120 healthy men aged 43 to 70. Lee-Odegard 2024 saw a saliva testosterone rise versus placebo in 95 men and missed on plasma. Rao 2020 left testosterone unchanged in men with prostate symptoms.
22. MECHANISM+ INCREASESFerritin → CognitionTreating iron deficiency in young women can move attention and memory on named tasks. Murray-Kolb and Beard (2007) showed that in a blinded 16-week trial. Two later trials in the same age band again find the gain where ferritin rose. Berglund's infant trial found no WISC-IV difference at age 7.
23. MECHANISM− DECREASESGLP-1 → AlcoholIn 108 people seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder and obesity, weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg plus usual therapy cut heavy-drinking days by about 14 percentage points versus placebo plus the same therapy (Klausen 2026). An earlier exenatide trial missed that same primary end point.
24. MECHANISM− DECREASESGLP-1 → CV eventsIn 17,604 adults with overweight or obesity, established heart disease, and no diabetes, weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg cut a first heart attack, stroke, or cardiovascular death by 20 percent versus placebo (Lincoff 2023). Liraglutide did the same in type 2 diabetes (Marso 2016). Oral semaglutide was not worse for that same count (Husain 2019).
25. MECHANISM0 NULLGLP-1 → DepressionIn 3,377 adults with overweight or obesity and no known major psychiatric illness, weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg did not raise PHQ-9 depression scores versus placebo (Wadden 2024). A later trial in major depression found no change in symptom severity.
26. MECHANISM+ INCREASESGLP-1 → FertilityIn 28 infertile obese women with PCOS, twelve weeks of low-dose liraglutide added to metformin, then stopped for four weeks, was followed by more IVF pregnancies per embryo transfer than metformin alone: 85.7 percent versus 28.6 percent (Salamun 2018). The file is small and stacked.
27. MECHANISM− DECREASESGLP-1 → HOMA-IRIn 1,879 people with type 2 diabetes, weekly tirzepatide cut HOMA2 insulin resistance by about 16 to 24 percent, more than weekly semaglutide 1 mg (Frias 2024). A clamp study found the same direction versus placebo (Heise 2022).
28. MECHANISM− DECREASESGLP-1 → KidneyIn 3,533 adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg cut a first major kidney event (kidney failure, a 50 percent drop in eGFR, or death from kidney or heart causes) by 24 percent versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.76; Perkovic 2024). Daily liraglutide cut a similar renal composite (Mann 2017).
29. MECHANISM− DECREASESGLP-1 → MortalityIn SELECT, weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg cut death from any cause versus placebo in 17,604 adults with overweight or obesity and established heart disease (hazard ratio 0.81; Lincoff 2023). Daily liraglutide did the same in type 2 diabetes (Marso 2016).
30. MECHANISM− DECREASESGLP-1 → OSAIn two 52-week trials of adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe sleep apnea, weekly tirzepatide cut the apnea-hypopnea index by about 20 to 24 events per hour versus placebo (Malhotra, Grunstein, Fietze 2024).
31. MECHANISM− DECREASESGLP-1 → StrengthIn 160 adults with obesity who sat for a DXA scan in SURMOUNT-1, weekly tirzepatide cut lean mass by 10.9 percent versus 2.6 percent on placebo (Look 2025). About a quarter of the lost weight was lean on both arms. Fat mass fell more.
32. MECHANISM+ INCREASESGLP-1 → WellbeingIn the STEP 1 trial of weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg, more people crossed a meaningful threshold on the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life physical-function scale than on placebo: 51.8 percent versus 28.3 percent (Rubino 2024). The same direction showed up on SF-36 physical functioning.
33. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALGreen tea → CognitionWightman 2012 found that 135 or 270 mg of epigallocatechin gallate did not change computerised cognitive tasks or mood versus placebo in 27 healthy adults, though frontal blood flow fell at the lower dose. Dietz 2019 saw a small attention and psychomotor-speed rise after a matcha drink in 23 people.
34. MECHANISM0 NULLGreen tea → HOMA-IRBrown 2009 found that 400 mg of EGCG twice a day for eight weeks did not change insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, or glucose tolerance versus lactose in 88 overweight or obese men. Hsu 2011 and Fukino 2006 also found no between-group HOMA difference after a green-tea extract or powder.
35. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALHearing → CognitionIn 977 older adults with untreated hearing loss, three years of hearing aids did not slow a global cognition score versus health education; a prespecified ARIC slice of 238 people at higher risk did.
36. MECHANISM+ INCREASESIncome → VitaminsMoney buys bottles. Reverse causation is the whole trick of the wellness-to-wealth genre.
37. MECHANISM− DECREASESInositol → HOMA-IRGiordano 2011 found that 2 g of myo-inositol twice a day plus diet for six months lowered the HOMA insulin-resistance index versus diet plus placebo in 80 postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. D'Anna 2015 saw a smaller HOMA drop and less gestational diabetes in 220 obese pregnancies; that file was open-label.
38. MECHANISM− DECREASESEvening light → SleepChang 2015 randomized twelve young adults: five evenings of a light-emitting e-reader versus a printed book delayed dim-light melatonin onset by more than 1.5 hours, suppressed evening melatonin by about 55 percent, and lengthened sleep latency by about ten minutes.
39. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALLion's mane → CognitionMori 2009 found that 3 g a day of Yamabushitake powder for sixteen weeks raised Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale scores versus placebo in 30 people with mild cognitive impairment; scores fell after the powder stopped. Docherty 2023 saw a faster Stroop after one 1.8 g dose in 41 young adults and little chronic change.
40. MECHANISM− DECREASESMagnesium → DepressionTarleton 2017 found that 248 mg a day of elemental magnesium as chloride, versus no treatment, cut PHQ-9 scores by 6.0 points among 112 primary-care adults with mild-to-moderate depression in an open-label crossover (95% CI -7.9 to -4.2). Barragán-Rodríguez 2008 found a similar drop versus imipramine in 23 older adults with diabetes and low serum magnesium.
41. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALMagnesium → HOMA-IRDrenthen 2024 found that 15 mmol a day of oral magnesium for six weeks did not change clamp insulin sensitivity versus placebo in 14 adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (M value 4.6 versus 4.4). An intensive-care loading dose then moved HOMA in stress hyperglycemia (Heidary 2021).
42. MECHANISM+ INCREASESMagnesium → SleepSchuster 2025 found that 250 mg of magnesium bisglycinate a day for four weeks lowered the Insomnia Severity Index by 3.9 points versus 2.3 on placebo in 155 adults who reported poor sleep (P=0.049). Hausenblas 2024 saw better deep and REM scores on magnesium L-threonate versus placebo in 80 people.
43. MECHANISM− DECREASESMed diet → HOMA-IRIn 418 older Spaniards free of diabetes, PREDIMED-Reus assigned a Mediterranean diet with free extra-virgin olive oil or mixed nuts against low-fat advice. After a median four years the pooled Mediterranean arms had about half the new type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 0.48). The measure is diabetes incidence, not HOMA-IR.
44. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALMelatonin → SleepLuthringer 2009 found that 2 mg of prolonged-release melatonin at night shortened polysomnographic sleep-onset latency by 9 minutes versus placebo in 40 people aged 55 or older with primary insomnia (P=0.02). Baandrup 2017 found no change in sleep efficiency when the same kind of tablet was added during benzodiazepine withdrawal in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
45. MECHANISM− DECREASESMindfulness → DepressionRitvo 2021 found that online mindfulness-based CBT plus monthly psychiatry cut Beck depression scores by 8.54 points versus psychiatry alone in 45 young adults with major depression. Cladder-Micus 2019's MBCT add-on in chronic treatment-resistant depression missed on the IDS-SR in intention-to-treat and still raised partial remission.
46. MECHANISM+ INCREASESNetwork → EmploymentWeak ties carry jobs: Granovetter (1973) showed acquaintances bring novel job information, and Rajkumar (2022) tested that claim by randomizing LinkedIn's People You May Know among more than 20 million members over five years.
47. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALOmega-3 → CV eventsAssigned 4 g a day of icosapent ethyl cut a five-part ischemic composite in 8179 statin-treated adults with high triglycerides (Bhatt 2019, hazard ratio 0.75); the same dose of mixed EPA plus DHA carboxylic acids did not in 13,078 similar adults (Nicholls 2020, 0.99), and about 400 mg of EPA-DHA in margarine did not after a heart attack (Kromhout 2010).
48. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALOmega-3 → DepressionLespérance 2011 found that 1,200 mg a day of EPA-heavy fish oil versus sunflower oil missed the primary Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology contrast among 432 Canadian outpatients in a major depressive episode (adjusted difference 1.32, -0.20 to 2.84); a planned no-anxiety slice moved, and two later pilots of 60 and 61 people do not settle the sign.
49. MECHANISM0 NULLOSA → CognitionXu 2025 assigned 148 middle-aged adults with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and normal cognition to CPAP plus usual care or usual care alone. At six months the Montreal Cognitive Assessment did not differ (difference -0.04, 95% CI -0.72 to 0.65).
50. MECHANISM0 NULLOSA → CV eventsMcEvoy 2016 found that CPAP plus usual care did not change the risk of a composite cardiovascular event versus usual care alone among 2717 adults with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and established coronary or cerebrovascular disease (hazard ratio 1.10, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.32).
51. MECHANISM+ INCREASESOSA → HOMA-IRIn 80 adults with severe OSA and morbid obesity, 12 weeks of CPAP improved two-hour glucose versus conservative care. HOMA-IR did not change in that trial. Pooled CPAP trials later found a modest HOMA-IR drop versus sham or no machine.
52. MECHANISM+ INCREASESOutdoors → 25(OH)DSkin makes 25(OH)D from UV-B; Samefors 2021 then showed that encouraging 40 Swedish nursing-home residents outdoors for two summer months raised median serum 25(OH)D from 42.5 to 53.5 nmol/L.
53. MECHANISM+ INCREASESPrestige → LeadershipIf people follow you because you are worth copying, the group gets coordination without fear. That is a different hormone story.
54. MECHANISM− DECREASESProbiotic → DepressionKazemi 2020 found that eight weeks of Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum lowered the Beck Depression Inventory from 17.39 to 9.1 versus 18.18 to 15.55 on placebo in 81 completers with major depression. Akkasheh 2016 saw a similar Beck drop in 40 people.
55. MECHANISM− DECREASESCoQ10 → CV eventsMortensen 2015 found that 100 mg of coenzyme Q10 three times a day for two years halved a first major heart-failure event versus placebo in 420 people (15 percent versus 26 percent; hazard ratio 0.50). Morisco 1994 had already cut hospitalizations for worsening failure in 641 people on 2 mg per kg a day.
56. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALRhodiola → DepressionMao 2015 found that twelve weeks of Rhodiola rosea extract did not beat placebo on Hamilton change among 57 adults with mild-to-moderate major depression (-5.1 versus -4.6; groups P=0.79). Darbinyan 2008 reported that SHR-5 at 340 or 680 mg a day did move Hamilton scores versus placebo in 89 people.
57. MECHANISM+ INCREASESShift work → HOMA-IRFour assigned night shifts with a nine-hour sleep opportunity reduced clamp insulin sensitivity about 25 percent in healthy adults. Matched day-shift controls did not move.
58. MECHANISM+ INCREASESSitting → HOMA-IRIn 24 adults with type 2 diabetes, an 8-hour day of unbroken sitting produced a higher postprandial insulin curve than the same day with 3-minute walking or simple resistance breaks every half hour.
59. MECHANISM0 NULLSt John's wort → DepressionThe Hypericum Depression Trial (Davidson 2002) found that LI-160 St John's wort did not beat placebo on eight-week Hamilton change among 340 US outpatients with major depression and a baseline score of at least 20 (-8.68 versus -9.20, P=0.59). Sertraline, the active comparator, also missed that primary.
60. MECHANISM+ INCREASESSleep → CognitionLim and Dinges's 2010 meta of short-term deprivation shows losses on vigilance and working memory. Santisteban's 2019 adult week and Lo's 2016 adolescent week then lose working memory; Lo also loses vigilance. Zimmerman's 2024 habit trial moves the same tasks.
61. MECHANISM− DECREASESSleep → CortisolSix 4-hour nights raised evening cortisol in eleven young men. Four nights of 5-to-9-hour beds in eighty-eight adolescents did not move evening or morning saliva cortisol.
62. MECHANISM0 NULLSleep → DepressionIn 126 adults with insomnia and major depression, adding internet CBT for insomnia to CBT for depression improved the insomnia score but not the depression score versus depression treatment plus a placebo sleep module.
63. MECHANISM− DECREASESSleep → HOMA-IRExperimental sleep restriction lowers insulin sensitivity. Spiegel, Leproult, and Van Cauter put eleven young men into sleep debt and watched glucose tolerance fall into a pre-diabetic range. Later randomized weeks, including clamp studies and a six-week trial in thirty-eight women, found the same direction.
64. MECHANISM+ INCREASESSleep → TIn men, experimental sleep loss lowers testosterone. A week of 5-hour nights cut daytime T about 10 to 15 percent. One night of total wake cut 24-hour T. All-night deprivation cut total T; REM-only did not. In 37 healthy adults, T also fell during long wake; caffeine lessened that drop.
65. MECHANISM0 NULLT → CV eventsLincoff 2023 found that daily testosterone gel was noninferior to placebo for a first major cardiac event among 5198 men aged 45 to 80 with hypogonadism and preexisting or high-risk cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.17).
66. MECHANISMUNSIGNEDT → RiskLarge randomized trials do not show that a testosterone dose moves lottery risk. A preregistered study of 1,000 men found no effect of a single nasal dose. Four weeks of testosterone in 200 postmenopausal women also left risk attitudes unchanged.
67. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALT → StatusIn observational samples, testosterone tracks status-seeking mainly when cortisol is low; the interaction is small, heterogeneous, and still contested.
68. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALT → UG rejectExogenous T changes bargaining — but not in the folk direction, and not in every lab.
69. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALTart cherry → SleepLosso 2018 found that 240 mL of Montmorency tart cherry juice twice a day for two weeks added 84 minutes of laboratory sleep time versus placebo in eight adults over 50 with insomnia. Howatson 2013 saw a similar direction in twenty healthy adults; Hillman found no sleep difference in forty-four healthy adults over thirty days.
70. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALL-theanine → CognitionKahathuduwa 2018 found that 200 mg of L-theanine alone sped recognition visual reaction time versus placebo in 20 healthy men. Dassanayake 2023 saw a similar simple-reaction win in 32 young adults and no win on harder attention tasks. Tea-dose theanine alone has often missed.
71. MECHANISM− DECREASESLifting → DepressionEight weeks of twice-weekly supervised resistance training lowered QIDS scores versus wait-list in 55 young adults. Depression was a secondary read of two anxiety-primary randomized trials.
72. MECHANISM− DECREASESLifting → HOMA-IRWaters 2022 randomized 160 older adults with obesity and found that resistance training during matched diet-induced weight loss of about 9 to 10 percent raised the OGTT insulin sensitivity index 39 percent; combination training raised it 86 percent.
73. MECHANISM~ NON-LINEARLifting → TAhtiainen 2016: twelve months of resistance training left testosterone production and clearance unchanged in five men near 28 and eight men near 70; a 5×10RM session could raise serum T by slowing clearance.
74. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALEating window → HOMA-IRIn eight men with prediabetes, a supervised 6-hour early eating window improved insulin sensitivity without weight loss; later RCTs show the effect depends on clock time and calories.
75. MECHANISM+ INCREASESUPF → HOMA-IRIn Hall's ward trial and Hamano's Tokyo crossover, ultra-processed menus matched for presented calories raised ad-lib intake and weight; Chen's US cohorts associate the same food class with later type 2 diabetes, not with measured HOMA-IR.
76. MECHANISM+ INCREASESValerian → SleepTaavoni 2011 found that 530 mg of valerian extract twice a day for four weeks raised the share of postmenopausal women whose Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index improved to 30 percent versus 4 percent on placebo (n=100). Chandra Shekhar 2024 found a similar PSQI and actigraphy direction in 72 completers. Donath 2000's sixteen-person polysomnography was thinner.
77. MECHANISM0 NULLVitamins → CognitionChen 2021 found that six months of folic acid plus vitamin B12 moved MoCA total by about one point versus placebo in 120 people with Alzheimer's in Tianjin, while a 2003 Cochrane review of B12 in dementia with low serum B12 found no cognitive effect.
78. MECHANISM0 NULL25(OH)D → CognitionKang 2022 found that 2000 IU a day of vitamin D3 versus placebo did not slow cognitive decline among 4218 adults aged 60 and older in VITAL (pooled annual global-score difference 0.01, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.02). Corbett 2025 and Pham 2023 then also found no cognitive gain.
79. MECHANISM0 NULL25(OH)D → DepressionOkereke 2020 found that 2000 IU a day of vitamin D3 versus placebo did not change the risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms among 18353 adults aged 50 and older in VITAL-DEP (hazard ratio 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.09). Rahman 2023 then found the same null on PHQ-9 in D-Health.
80. MECHANISM? CONDITIONALZinc → CognitionMaylor 2006 found that 15 or 30 mg of zinc a day for six months had a mixed effect on Cambridge tasks in 387 healthy adults aged 55 to 87: one spatial working-memory score moved at three months, and 15 mg worsened one attention score. de Vargas 2023 saw higher Mini-Mental and Stroop scores on 30 mg in 32 overweight women.
81. MECHANISM+ INCREASESZinc → TMahajan 1982 found that 50 mg of elemental zinc as acetate a day for six months raised serum testosterone from 2.8 to 5.2 ng per milliliter versus no change on placebo in 20 men on hemodialysis. Prasad 1997 then saw testosterone fall under zinc restriction in four young men and rise after zinc gluconate in nine older men.